parotid gland

relation of anterior border of parotid gland: ( p77 )

c. 4 branches of facial nerve ( above donwards )

1. Temporal Nerve
2. Zygomatic N
3. Buccal N
4. Mandibular N
   

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COMPARATIVE AMONG CELLS

Ciliated columnar cell	Mucous goblet cell	Brush cell
Most abundant Has 300 motile cilia Apical cytoplasma has basal body ( mitochondria- energy for cliary neating)	Next numerous cell Secret mucous -covers epithelium -traps bacteria n ather particles	Columnar cell Abundant microvilli Basal afferent nerve endings Be sensory receptor
Basal cell	Neuroendocrine cell (small granule cell )
Small rounded cell Don’t reach the lumen Lie on basal lamina May be stem cell	Scattered through out epithelium Have numerous granules With different dense cores Release different hormone like calcitonin, somatostin and serotonin Belong to the cell of diffuse endocrine system

COMPARATIVE AMONG CELLS

Epitehelial cell type ( Respiratory epithelium )

Olfactory area ( Olfactory epithelium )

Olfactory or sensory cell	Sustentacular ( supporting ) cell
Bipolar nerve cell Nuclei occupy below supporting cell Dendrit extend to the surface - end in olfactory vesicle - olfactory 6-8 cilia arise cilia – very long - non motile - project into a layer of fluid covering epithelium axon – pass to the corium ( form olfactory nerve fiber )	Tall columnar cell - narrow basses - wide cylindrical apex nuclei – oval - lie near free surface of epithelium cytoplasma - contain yellow pigment - gives olfactory mucosa its yellow colour free surface with microvilli submerge in a fluid of layer
Basal cell
Small pyramidal Present in deepest zone of epithelium Stem cells	Round dark nuclei Deeply basophilic cytoplasm

THE TOUNGE PAPILLAE

Features	FILIFORM	FUNGIFORM
shape	Elongated conical	Resemble mushroom - narrow stalk - smooth surface - dilated upper part
Number	Most numerous
Site	Anterior 2/3 of the dorsum of the tounge
Epithelium	Keratinized stratified squamous	Thin non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Taste bud	none	Scattered
Colour	whitish	Red ( richly vascularized CT core )

Features	CIRCUMVALLETE	FOLIATE
Shape	Largerst
Number	Least ( 6-14 )
Site	In V-shape region in front of sulcus terminalis	Poor develop in human. Well-develop in animal like rabbit etc
Epithelium	non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium	non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Taste bud	Present on the side of papillae	Many
glands	Serous gland ( von Ebner’s )	Serous gland in lamina propria
Others	Surrounded by circular furrow or sulcus	Consisit of 2 @ more parallel ridges and furrow on dorsolateral surface of tounge

venous drainage of face

	FACIAL V (anteriorly)	RETROMANDIBULAR V (posteriorly)
Site	Medial angle of the eye	Inside parotid gland Union of maxillary and superficial temporal v Superficial to external carotid A Deep to facial N
Begin	Union of supratrochlear and supraorbital
Course	*Straight course downward and backward -in the face -behind facial A *Leave the face at anteroinferior angle of masseter M -cross the body of mandible and *submandibular gland to enter the neck
ending	*unite with anterior division of retromandibular v -becoming common facial v -ends in the internal jagular v	Leave lower end of parotid gland
Tributaries	*supratrochlear and *supraorbital *deep facial v -connect it pterygoid *venous plexus *Veins from submandibular gland *Tonsillar vein (from palatine tonsil )	Anterior division	Posterior division
		*Unites with anterior facial v -To become common facial v	*Unites with posterior auricular v -To form external jagular vein

Venous drainage of face

Others vein

1. Transverse facial
2. Infraorbital v
3. Mental v

All of this vein end in the ptregoid venous plexus

Dangerous area of the face

Triangular area at the middle of part of the face

- around the nose and upper lip

Dangerous because onfection in this area can spread and reach the cavernous sinus.

lymph drainage

LYMPH DRAINAGE

SCALP

Part	Lymph node
Anterior	Submandibular
Lateral	Parotid
Posterior	Mastoid and occipital

FACE

PART	LYMPH NODE
Cheek	Buccal
Upper and lateral	Parotid
Nose, uuper lip, lower lip	submandibular

Part	Lymph node
Anterior	Submandibular
Lateral	Parotid
Posterior	Mastoid and occipital

FACE

PART	LYMPH NODE
Cheek	Buccal
Upper and lateral	Parotid
Nose, uuper lip, lower lip	submandibular

NERVE SUPPLY OF SCALP

NERVE SUPPLY OF SCALP

NERVES IN FRONT OF AURICLE

A. SENSORY NERVE

- derived from trigeminal nerve ( 5^th cranial nerve )

	SUPRATROCHLEAR N SURAORBITAL N
Origin	branch from ophthalmic division of trigeminal N
Course	Leave orbit SUPRATROCHLEAR SURAORBITAL *smaller *reach scalp through superomedial angle of orbit. *bigger *reach scalp through supraorbital notch or foramen.
Supply	*anterior part of scalp *upper eye lid SUPRATROCHLEAR SURAORBITAL Skin of forehead, near the median plane. Skin of scalp till the lomboid sature.

	AURICULOTEMPORAL N
Origin	Mandibular division of trigeminal N
Course	*Leave upper end of parotid gland *pass upward in front of auricle -cross root of zygomatic arch.
Supply	*Skin of posterior part of temple. *upper 2/3 of lateral surface of auricle.

	ZYGOMATICOTEMPORAL NERVE
Origin	Branch from maxillary N
Course	Pass through zygomaticotemporal foramen
Supply	Anterior part of temple - side of scalp

B. MOTOR NERVE

	TEMPORAL BRANCH OF FACIAL NERVE
Course	*Leave upper part of parotid gland *cross zygomatic arch to reach the scalp
Supply	*frontal belly of occipitofrontalis muscle *upper part of orbicularis occuli muscle.

NERVE BEHIND AURICLE

A. SENSORY NERVE

NERVE	SUPPLY
Greater occipital nerve ( C2 )	Upper part of back of scalp
Lesser occipital nerve ( C2 )	*a small area of back of scalp - near upper part of auricle
Third occipital nerve ( C3 )	*lower part of back of scalp *upper part of back of neck
Great auricle nerve ( C2-C3 )	A small area of back of scalp -near the lower part of auricle

B. MOTOR NRVE

NERVE	SUPPLY
Posterior auricular branch of facial nerve	Occipital belly occipitofrantalis muscle

NERVE SUPPLY OF FACE

A. MOTOR SUPPLY – from facial nerve

- facial nerve enter the parotid gland

- it ends by dividing into 5 terminal branches

	Course	Supply
Temporal branch	Leaves upper end of anterior border of parotid gland.	*Frontal belly of occipito-frontalis M *Orbicularis occuli M
Zygomatic branch -upper -lower	*Emerge from anterior border of parotid gland *the muscle present between eye and mouth and the muscle of the nose.	Orbicularis occuli M
Buccal branch		*baccinator M *orbicularis oris M
Mandibular branch		*orbicularis oris M *muscle of lower lip
cervical branch	Emerge from lower end of parotid gland	Platysma

B. SENSORY SUPPLY

1. from trigeminal nerve

2. great auricular nerve ( C2-C3 )

- small area covering the angle of mandible

- the parotid gland

BONDS

LOW ENERGY BOND

>7.3Kal/mole

1. Glucose-6-phosphate
2. Triacylglycerol
3. Disacharide & polysaccharide
4. Peptide linkage

HIGH ENERGY BOND

>7.3 ( up to 15 ) Kcal/mol

1. 1,3-Bibiphosphoglycerate
2. Phosphoenol pyrwate
3. Adenine-ribose~p ~p
4. Phosphoadenosine phosphosulphate (PAPS)
5. Creatine phosphate
6. FA connected coenzyme
7. S-Adenosylmethionine
8. Acetoacetic acid

type of pneumocyte

Features	Type 1 pneumocyte (squamous alveolar cell )	Type 2 pnemocyte (great alveolar cell, secrerory epithelial cell)
Numbers	97% of alveolar surface	3% of alveolar surface
Shape	Flat simple squamous epithelial cell	Low cuboidal cell
Cytoplasm	*little *few organelles -cluster around nucleus -small pnocytic vesicles	*large amount *many organells -large amount of mithocondria, ribosomes,ER, well develop golgi body (characteristic of secrerory cell)
Nucleus	Flat	Round
Cell division	*they are differentiated cells. *can’t divide	*can divide. *stem cell of both type.
Function	-small pnocytic vesicles >assist in turnover of pulmonary surfactant. >removal of small particles from	*secrete pulmonary surfactant -contain phospholipid, proeins and GAG -forms a film over the alveolar epithelium, > which reduce surface tension > prevents collapse of the alveolus during expiration.
Cell connection	Tight junction( among each other) -prevent leakage of tissue fluid into the alveolar cavity.	Tight junction -with type 1
Others	Provide very thin membrane -gaseous exchange occur	*have membrane limited multilamellar bodies( cytosome ) -exhibit many parallel membranes (lamellae) *theor free surface -bulge into the alveolar cavity -covered with short microvilli